<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Mezi p\u0159ena\u0161e\u010de infek\u010dn\u00edch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed nepat\u0159\u00ed pouze kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165ata ale i r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy hmyzu. S m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edmi se klimatick\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami je nav\u00edc pot\u0159eba m\u00edt na pam\u011bti mo\u017enost v\u00fdskytu u n\u00e1s doposud jen vz\u00e1cn\u011b zaznamenan\u00fdch p\u0159ena\u0161e\u010d\u016f a s nimi souvisej\u00edc\u00edch infekc\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n AFRICK\u00c1 KL\u00cd\u0160\u0164OV\u00c1 HORE\u010cKA<\/strong><\/p>\n Vyskytuje se v\u00a0rovn\u00edkov\u00e9 a ji\u017en\u00ed Africe (v n\u00e1rodn\u00edch parc\u00edch a rezervac\u00edch).<\/p>\n N\u00e1kazu p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165ata rodu Ambylomma<\/em> saj\u00edc\u00ed na hlodavc\u00edch, dobytku i divok\u00fdch kopytn\u00edc\u00edch.\u00a0 \u010clov\u011bka napadaj\u00ed ji\u017e b\u011bhem kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho pobytu v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b p\u0159i prod\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed se bu\u0161em, vysokou tr\u00e1vou a k\u0159ovinami.<\/p>\n Klinicky jde o ch\u0159ipkovit\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed s\u00a0hore\u010dkou, bolest\u00ed hlavy a myalgiemi. Charakteristick\u00fdm n\u00e1lezem je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed po\u010det eschar (strup, v\u0159ed, bol\u00e1k) prov\u00e1zen\u00fdch zdu\u0159en\u00edm region\u00e1ln\u00edch uzlin, nebo\u0165 exponovan\u00e9 osoby b\u00fdvaj\u00ed napadeny sou\u010dasn\u011b v\u00edce kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165aty. Vyr\u00e1\u017eka vznik\u00e1 sotva u poloviny nemocn\u00fdch a je makulopapul\u00f3zn\u00ed nebo drobn\u011b vezikul\u00f3zn\u00ed. Asi u t\u0159etiny nemocn\u00fdch se na sliznici \u00fastn\u00ed dutiny naleznou drobn\u00e9 v\u0159\u00eddky.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n ANTRAX <\/strong>(Sn\u011b\u0165 slezinn\u00e1)<\/p>\n Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsobovan\u00e9 bakteri\u00ed Bacillus anthracis<\/em>.<\/p>\n Je vysoce infek\u010dn\u00ed a p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed se aliment\u00e1rn\u00ed cestou, k\u016f\u017e\u00ed p\u0159es od\u011brky nebo skrze d\u00fdchac\u00ed soustavu. Choroba se v\u00a0souvislosti se zp\u016fsobem vstupu jej\u00edho p\u016fvodce do organismu m\u016f\u017ee rozvinout ve t\u0159i mo\u017en\u00e9 varianty:<\/p>\n Plicn\u00ed anthrax se vyzna\u010duje vysokou \u00famrtnost\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edznaky se podobaj\u00ed nejd\u0159\u00edve siln\u00e9 ch\u0159ipce, pak siln\u00e9mu z\u00e1palu plic. Vy\u017eaduje v\u010dasnou diagn\u00f3zu, l\u00e9\u010dba prob\u00edh\u00e1 za pomoci siln\u00fdch antibiotik.<\/p>\n St\u0159evn\u00ed anthrax zp\u016fsobuje v\u00e1\u017enou infekci \u017ealudku a st\u0159ev. Projevuje se mj. krv\u00ed ve stolici a zvratc\u00edch. I zde je pot\u0159eba pro \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nou l\u00e9\u010dbu v\u010dasn\u00e1 diagn\u00f3za a u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed antibiotik.<\/p>\n Ko\u017en\u00ed anthrax se projevuje sv\u011bdiv\u00fdmi m\u00edsty nebo puch\u00fd\u0159i tmav\u0161\u00ed a\u017e \u010dern\u00e9 barvy v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b infekce. Posl\u00e9ze se objevuj\u00ed velk\u00e9, nebolestiv\u00e9 a nektrotick\u00e9 v\u0159edy. L\u00e9\u010dba je stejn\u00e1 jako u p\u0159edchoz\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f: antibiotiky.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n BARTONELL\u00d3ZA <\/strong>(Nemoc z\u00a0ko\u010di\u010d\u00edho \u0161kr\u00e1bnut\u00ed)<\/p>\n Toto onemocn\u011bn\u00ed je zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 bakteri\u00ed Bartonella henselae<\/em>. Nej\u010dast\u011bji se objevuje po \u0161kr\u00e1bnut\u00ed \u010di kousnut\u00ed ko\u010dkou, ale je tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00fd p\u0159enos kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165aty a blechami. Choroba postihuje v\u011bt\u0161inou chovatele ko\u010dek, osoby se sn\u00ed\u017eenou imunitou, polymorbidn\u00ed jedince \u010di osoby \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed ve \u0161patn\u00fdch hygienick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n Projevuje se papul\u00e1rn\u00edmi l\u00e9zemi na infikovan\u00e9 poko\u017ece, uzlinov\u00fdm syndromem, mal\u00e1tnost\u00ed, \u00fanavou, bolestmi hlavy, lehce zv\u00fd\u0161enou t\u011blesnou teplotou.<\/p>\n Terapie spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed antibiotik.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n FILARI\u00d3ZA (elefanti\u00e1za)<\/strong><\/p>\n Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed vyvolan\u00e9 cizopasn\u00fdmi \u010dervy fil\u00e1riemi neboli vlasovci, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v subtropick\u00fdch oblastech. \u010cervi se mno\u017e\u00ed v m\u00edzn\u00edch c\u00e9v\u00e1ch a blokuj\u00ed je. Zamezen\u00ed odtoku lymfy vede k v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm otok\u016fm r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u011bla lymfed\u00e9mu, elefanti\u00e1ze. Doch\u00e1z\u00ed t\u00edm k\u00a0obrovsk\u00e9mu zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u011bla, u mu\u017e\u016f nap\u0159\u00edklad \u0161ourku do velikosti pytle brambor, u \u017een velik\u00fdch prs\u016f, obecn\u011b kon\u010detin. Pro nemoc je charakteristick\u00e1 dlouh\u00e1 doba do propuknut\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b pestr\u00e9 klinick\u00e9 manifestace choroby i jej\u00ed protahovan\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh.<\/p>\n P\u0159i diagn\u00f3ze se uplat\u0148uje pr\u016fkaz mikrofil\u00e1ri\u00ed v krvi nebo v bioptick\u00e9m materi\u00e1lu. Mo\u017en\u00e9 je s\u00e9rologick\u00e9 vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed. L\u00e9\u010d\u00ed se pyrazinov\u00fdmi deriv\u00e1ty.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n FILARI\u00d3ZA (LOA\u00d3ZA)<\/strong><\/p>\n Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsobeno vlasovcem o\u010dn\u00edm, druhem hl\u00edstice, kter\u00fd parazituje ve spojivkov\u00e9m vaku mezi spojivkou a b\u011blmem. Je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou sv\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed oka a z\u00e1n\u011btu k\u016f\u017ee. Zp\u016fsobuje loa\u00f3zu a ko\u017en\u00ed boule.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n HORE\u010cKA DENGUE<\/strong><\/p>\n Akutn\u00ed infek\u010dn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsobuj\u00edc\u00ed epidemie. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hore\u010dnat\u00e9 tropick\u00e9 nemoci. Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed je roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eno v\u00a0tropick\u00e9 a subtropick\u00e9 Asii a Africe, v\u00a0Austr\u00e1lii, ve St\u0159edn\u00ed a Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe a na n\u011bkter\u00fdch ostrovech v\u00a0Tich\u00e9m oce\u00e1nu a Karibiku.<\/p>\n Inkuba\u010dn\u00ed doba je 5-7 dn\u00ed, projevuje se vysokou hore\u010dkou a siln\u00fdmi bolestmi cel\u00e9ho t\u011bla, kloub\u016f, sval\u016f a hlavy. Dal\u0161\u00edm projevem mohou b\u00fdt zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se uzliny a spalni\u010dk\u00e1m podobn\u00e1 vyr\u00e1\u017eka.<\/p>\n Proti onemocn\u011bn\u00ed neexistuje \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 vakc\u00edna, d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je proto pou\u017eit\u00ed repelent\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch ochrann\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n HORE\u010cKA SKALIST\u00ddCH HOR<\/strong><\/p>\n Z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 infek\u010dn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, druh purpurov\u00e9 hore\u010dky vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed se na americk\u00e9m kontinentu.<\/p>\n Inkubace je okolo 1 t\u00fddne a projevuje se vysokou hore\u010dkou, siln\u00fdm dr\u00e1\u017ediv\u00fdm ka\u0161lem, exant\u00e9mem a \u010detn\u00fdmi ko\u017en\u00edmi komplikacemi.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n CHAGASOVA CHOROBA<\/strong><\/p>\n Tropick\u00e9 infek\u010dn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuje parazit Typanosoma cruzi<\/em> ve St\u0159edn\u00ed a Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b ve venkovsk\u00fdch oblastech.<\/p>\n Plo\u0161tice p\u0159ed\u00e1 n\u00e1kazu jen v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee b\u011bhem kousnut\u00ed vylou\u010d\u00ed i infikovan\u00e9 v\u00fdkaly.<\/p>\n V\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b infikace doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0otoku. Prostoup\u00ed-li parazit do krevn\u00edho \u0159e\u010di\u0161t\u011b, napad\u00e1 srdce, mozek, j\u00e1tra a slezinu a doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0akutn\u00ed f\u00e1zi onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. Projevuje se hore\u010dkou, vyr\u00e1\u017ekou, ztr\u00e1tou chuti, pr\u016fjmem a zvracen\u00edm, zdu\u0159en\u00fdmi lymfatick\u00fdmi uzlinami a zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00edm jater.<\/p>\n Naka\u017een\u00ed mohou ale \u017e\u00edt i n\u011bkolik let bez symptom\u016f onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, ale v\u00a0obdob\u00ed chronick\u00e9ho st\u00e1dia nemoci se u t\u0159etiny infikovan\u00fdch rozvinou v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 zdravotn\u00ed komplikace (hlavn\u011b srde\u010dn\u00ed a st\u0159evn\u00ed probl\u00e9my), kter\u00e9 mohou v\u00e9st ke smrti.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n JAPONSK\u00c1 ENCEFALITIDA<\/strong><\/p>\n Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi infek\u010dn\u00ed tropick\u00e9 nemoci. Jde o z\u00e1n\u011btliv\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed mozku. V\u00fdskyt nemoci je lokalizov\u00e1n v\u00a0ji\u017en\u00ed a jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii.<\/p>\n Inkuba\u010dn\u00ed doba je 4-16 dn\u00ed. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku se objev\u00ed hore\u010dky, kter\u00e9 doprov\u00e1z\u00ed bolest hlavy, zvracen\u00ed a \u010dasto i siln\u00e1 bolest b\u0159icha. Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed graduje poruchami \u0159e\u010di, rozvojem deliria, k\u0159e\u010d\u00ed, n\u011bkdy i t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch du\u0161evn\u00edch poruch. Dostane-li se n\u00e1kaza a\u017e do tohoto st\u00e1dia, kon\u010d\u00ed smrt\u00ed.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n KL\u00cd\u0160\u0164OV\u00c1 ENCEFALITIDA<\/strong><\/p>\n Infek\u010dn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed virov\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu postihuj\u00edc\u00ed mozek a mozkov\u00e9 bl\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n Pot\u00e9, co virus kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 encefalitidy pronikne do na\u0161eho organismu, nast\u00e1v\u00e1 inkuba\u010dn\u00ed doba, trvaj\u00edc\u00ed 1-2 t\u00fddny, a kter\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b nenese \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zn\u00e1mky onemocn\u011bn\u00ed a prob\u00edh\u00e1 celkem bez komplikac\u00ed.<\/p>\n Po skon\u010den\u00ed inkuba\u010dn\u00ed doby nastupuje prvn\u00ed f\u00e1ze, kter\u00e1 s\u00a0sebou nese p\u0159\u00edznaky lehk\u00e9 ch\u0159ipky. Doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed po\u010dtu b\u00edl\u00fdch krvinek. Po n\u011bkolika dnech tato f\u00e1ze ustoup\u00ed a nast\u00e1v\u00e1 obdob\u00ed klidu. U n\u011bkter\u00fdch pacient\u016f m\u016f\u017ee nemoc dokonce touto f\u00e1z\u00ed skon\u010dit a je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee dojde k\u00a0\u00fapln\u00e9mu uzdraven\u00ed. Pokud ne, nastupuje druh\u00e1 f\u00e1ze, kter\u00e1 je charakteristick\u00e1 vysok\u00fdmi hore\u010dkami, prudk\u00fdmi bolestmi hlavy, sv\u011btloplachost\u00ed, nevolnost\u00ed, zvracen\u00edm, ztuhnut\u00edm sval\u016f na \u0161\u00edji, svalov\u00fdm t\u0159esem, obrnou, poruchami sp\u00e1nku, pam\u011bti a koncentrace a celkovou dezorientac\u00ed. Tyto p\u0159\u00edznaky jsou zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 zas\u00e1hnut\u00edm nervov\u00e9 soustavy t\u00edmto virem.<\/p>\n V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee se toto infek\u010dn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed v\u010das podchyt\u00ed a zah\u00e1j\u00ed se odborn\u00e1 l\u00e9\u010dba, m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k\u00a0\u00fapln\u00e9mu uzdraven\u00ed. V\u00a0opa\u010dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u016f\u017ee tento virus zanechat na pacientovi trval\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky.<\/p>\n Nejlep\u0161\u00ed a nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ochranou je o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed. D\u00e1le je t\u0159eba do p\u0159\u00edrody vyr\u00e1\u017eet \u0159\u00e1dn\u011b vybaveni vysokou a pevnou obuv\u00ed, dlouh\u00fdmi nohavicemi a ruk\u00e1vy.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n LEISHMANI\u00d3ZA<\/strong><\/p>\n Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 parazitick\u00fdmi prvoky. P\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et jej mohou z\u00e1stupci krevsaj\u00edc\u00edho hmyzu, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm rodu Phlebotomus<\/em> a Lutzomia<\/em>.<\/p>\n Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 je celosv\u011btov\u011b s v\u00fdjimkou Austr\u00e1lie a jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie. V Evrop\u011b pak p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v oblasti st\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\n Infekce prvoky m\u016f\u017ee vyvolat ko\u017en\u00ed nebo viscer\u00e1ln\u00ed formu onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. Ko\u017en\u00ed forma se projevuje v\u00fdskytem v\u0159ed\u016f a n\u00e1sledn\u011b ko\u017en\u00edmi l\u00e9zemi. V\u011bt\u0161inou doch\u00e1z\u00ed k vyhojen\u00ed b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. Vz\u00e1cn\u011b ale m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ech\u00e1zet do chronick\u00e9 podoby. Viscer\u00e1ln\u00ed forma postr\u00e1d\u00e1 ko\u017en\u00ed projevy, vyzna\u010duje se hore\u010dkou a zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00edm sleziny. Rezervo\u00e1rem pro viscer\u00e1ln\u00ed formu ve st\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed jsou psi.<\/p>\n K l\u00e9\u010db\u011b se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 liposom\u00e1ln\u00ed amfotericin.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n LEPRA<\/strong><\/p>\n Infek\u010dn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, zp\u016fsobovan\u00e9 bakteri\u00ed Mycobacterium leprae<\/em>, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 sklon napadat perifern\u00ed nervy a jin\u00e9 chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti t\u011bla \u2013 k\u016f\u017ei a sliznice.<\/p>\n Nemoc \u010dasto prob\u00edh\u00e1 bez p\u0159\u00edznak\u016f a nen\u00ed nijak zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 naka\u017eliv\u00e1 (vyjma ko\u017en\u00ed formy vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00edc\u00ed v\u0159edy, kter\u00e1 je velmi naka\u017eliv\u00e1) a m\u00e1 dlouhou inkuba\u010dn\u00ed dobu (1-8 let). Za nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k\u00a0rozvinut\u00ed destruktivn\u00ed formy lepry a ohro\u017een\u00ed pacienta na \u017eivot\u011b. Lepra napad\u00e1 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b Schwannovy bu\u0148ky a makrof\u00e1gy v\u00a0perifern\u00ed nervov\u00e9 soustav\u011b. Ni\u010d\u00ed lidsk\u00fd imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m a zp\u016fsobuje znetvo\u0159eniny na kon\u010detin\u00e1ch a na obli\u010deji. K\u016f\u017ee i \u010d\u00e1sti kon\u010detin z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed bez citu. Na k\u016f\u017ei se vytvo\u0159\u00ed l\u00e9ze, kter\u00e9 vypadaj\u00ed jako v\u0159ed. Doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0poru\u0161en\u00ed integrity k\u016f\u017ee. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee je naru\u0161eno \u010dit\u00ed, posti\u017een\u00fd nec\u00edt\u00ed vysokou teplotu. Dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fsledek lepry je oslepnut\u00ed nebo porucha zraku.<\/p>\n Je l\u00e9\u010diteln\u00e1, ale neexistuje na ni \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 vakc\u00edna.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n LYMESK\u00c1 BORELI\u00d3ZA<\/strong><\/p>\n Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed infekce p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00e1 kl\u00ed\u0161\u0165aty v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice. V\u011bt\u0161ina n\u00e1kaz prob\u00edh\u00e1 asymptomaticky, klinicky manifestn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady se projev\u00ed zejm\u00e9na posti\u017een\u00edm k\u016f\u017ee, kloub\u016f, nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a srdce. Projevy lymesk\u00e9 boreli\u00f3zy se d\u011bl\u00ed do t\u0159\u00ed st\u00e1di\u00ed. Dv\u011b stadia jsou \u010dasn\u00e1, pozoruj\u00ed se v\u00a0prvn\u00edch t\u00fddnech a m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch po n\u00e1kaze. T\u0159et\u00ed stadium je pozdn\u00ed, prob\u00edh\u00e1 m\u011bs\u00edce a\u017e l\u00e9ta po infekci.<\/p>\n Typick\u00fdm projevem LB je \u010derven\u00e1 skvrna vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b p\u0159is\u00e1t\u00ed kl\u00ed\u0161t\u011bte, v\u011bt\u0161inou s\u00a0odstupem 7-14 dn\u00ed, mnohdy dosahuje zna\u010dn\u00fdch rozm\u011br\u016f. Nebol\u00ed, n\u011bkdy lehce sv\u011bd\u00ed, k\u016f\u017ee nen\u00ed hork\u00e1 ani nep\u00e1l\u00ed. Mohou se tak\u00e9 objevit ch\u0159ipkov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edznaky. Mezi projevy pozdn\u00ed lymesk\u00e9 boreli\u00f3zy kloubn\u00ed posti\u017een\u00ed, bez l\u00e9\u010dby se prodlu\u017euje a m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k\u00a0p\u0159echodu do chronick\u00e9 formy kloubn\u00edho z\u00e1n\u011btu.<\/p>\n P\u0159i l\u00e9\u010db\u011b se pod\u00e1vaj\u00ed antibiotika.<\/p>\n Nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem prevence je p\u0159edch\u00e1zet p\u0159is\u00e1t\u00ed kl\u00ed\u0161t\u011bte pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm repelent\u016f a vhodn\u00fdch od\u011bv\u016f a obuvi p\u0159i pobytu v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je tak\u00e9 prohl\u00eddka t\u011bla po n\u00e1vratu a v\u010dasn\u00e9 odstran\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159is\u00e1t\u00e9ho kl\u00ed\u0161t\u011bte.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n MAL\u00c1RIE<\/strong><\/p>\n Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 parazitem pat\u0159\u00edc\u00edm mezi krvinkovky. Proch\u00e1z\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00fdm v\u00fdvojov\u00fdm cyklem, kter\u00fd dokon\u010duje v\u00a0t\u011ble samic kom\u00e1ra Anopheles<\/em>. \u010clov\u011bk mu slou\u017e\u00ed jako mezihostitel a nakaz\u00ed se p\u0159i s\u00e1n\u00ed sami\u010dky kom\u00e1ra, kdy se p\u0159enesou infek\u010dn\u00ed stadia obsa\u017een\u00e9 ve slinn\u00fdch \u017el\u00e1z\u00e1ch kom\u00e1ra do krevn\u00edho ob\u011bhu \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/p>\n Vyskytuje se hlavn\u011b v\u00a0tropech a subtropech.<\/p>\n Nejv\u00e1\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je onemocn\u011bn\u00ed tropickou mal\u00e1ri\u00ed, kter\u00e1 ohro\u017euje \u010dlov\u011bka na \u017eivot\u011b. \u010cerven\u00e9 krvinky maj\u00ed tendenci p\u0159ilepovat se ke st\u011bn\u011b c\u00e9v a postupn\u011b po\u0161kozovat t\u00edmto mechanismem vnit\u0159n\u00ed org\u00e1ny. T\u00edm doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0ucp\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00e9vy s\u00a0t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdmi n\u00e1sledky pro jimi z\u00e1sobovan\u00e9 org\u00e1ny (hlavn\u011b mozek a ledviny).<\/p>\n Projevy mal\u00e1rie jsou nespecifick\u00e9 a dostavuj\u00ed se nejd\u0159\u00edve 1 t\u00fdden a\u017e 10 dn\u00ed od n\u00e1kazy. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b sv\u011btloplachost, svalov\u00e9 bolesti, nevolnost, zvracen\u00ed. Hlavn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edznakem je malarick\u00fd z\u00e1chvat, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m \u010derven\u00e9 krvinky napln\u011bn\u00e9 parazity praskaj\u00ed, proto je doprov\u00e1zen\u00fd n\u00e1hl\u00fdm pocitem mrazen\u00ed a t\u0159esavkou a bezprost\u0159edn\u011b pot\u00e9 n\u00e1sleduje vysok\u00e1 hore\u010dka. Po p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed hore\u010dky nast\u00e1v\u00e1 mohutn\u00e9 pocen\u00ed.<\/p>\n V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je obvykle z\u00e1kladn\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dbou pod\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9ku chloronin, chinin sulf\u00e1t \u010di Daraprim.<\/p>\n D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je prevence v\u00a0podob\u011b speci\u00e1ln\u00edho o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed na soubor tropick\u00fdch nemoc\u00ed. T\u00e9to prevenci se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 chemoprofylaxe. U\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9k\u016f je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 za\u010d\u00edt ji\u017e p\u0159ed odjezdem do malarick\u00e9 oblasti, b\u011bhem pobytu a d\u00e1le po n\u00e1vratu zp\u011bt dom\u016f. Doporu\u010duje se sp\u00e1t pod moskyti\u00e9rami, pou\u017e\u00edvat repelenty a pou\u017e\u00edvat insekticidy.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n MOR<\/strong><\/p>\n Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsobuje bakterie Yersinia pestis<\/em>. Bakterie se do organismu dost\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou po bodnut\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka blechou.<\/p>\n Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed m\u00e1 t\u0159i formy: d\u00fdm\u011bjov\u00fd mor, septick\u00fd mor a plicn\u00ed mor.<\/p>\n V\u016f\u010di moru existuj\u00ed dv\u011b o\u010dkovac\u00ed vakc\u00edny, kter\u00e9 se doporu\u010duj\u00ed u\u017e\u00edt osob\u00e1m se zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm rizikem n\u00e1kazy.<\/p>\n P\u0159\u00edznaky moru se projevuj\u00ed po bodnut\u00ed blechou b\u011bhem 2-6 dn\u016f. N\u00e1hle se objev\u00ed vysok\u00e1 hore\u010dka, bolesti hlavy, kon\u010detin, b\u0159icha. Bakterie se mno\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0m\u00edzn\u00edch uzlin\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 na to reaguj\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdm z\u00e1n\u011btem, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m se enormn\u011b zv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed. Mohou pak prasknout a vytvo\u0159it otev\u0159en\u00e9 r\u00e1ny, ze kter\u00fdch vyt\u00e9k\u00e1 krvav\u00e1 tmav\u00e1 tekutina. V\u00a0d\u016fsledku poruchy c\u00e9vn\u00edho z\u00e1soben\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0odum\u0159en\u00ed kone\u010dk\u016f prst\u016f a u\u0161n\u00edch lal\u016f\u010dk\u016f, co\u017e se projev\u00ed jejich z\u010dern\u00e1n\u00edm a ztr\u00e1tou citlivosti.<\/p>\n K\u00a0vyl\u00e9\u010den\u00ed moru se pod\u00e1vaj\u00ed vysok\u00e9 d\u00e1vky antibiotik, zejm\u00e9na streptomycin.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n N\u00c1VRATN\u00c1 HORE\u010cKA (ENDEMICK\u00c1)<\/strong><\/p>\n Infek\u010dn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 bakteri\u00ed Borrelia duttoni<\/em>. Vyskytuje se v\u00a0Evrop\u011b ve \u0160pan\u011blsku, Portugalsku a \u0158ecku, v\u00a0Africe, v\u00a0Asii, Americe a na Kub\u011b. Pr\u016fb\u011bh onemocn\u011bn\u00ed je podobn\u00fd jako u epidemick\u00e9ho n\u00e1vratn\u00e9ho tyfu, tj. n\u00e1hl\u00fdm vzestupem teplot, t\u0159esavkami, bolestmi hlavy a svalstva, zejm\u00e9na doln\u00edch kon\u010detin, komplikace se vyskytuje \u010dast\u011bji.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n N\u00c1VRATN\u00c1 HORE\u010cKA (EPIDEMICK\u00c1)<\/strong><\/p>\n Infek\u010dn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 bakteri\u00ed Borrelia recurrentis<\/em>. Projevuje se vysokou hore\u010dkou a celkov\u011b t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdm stavem. Hore\u010dka po n\u011bkolika dnech n\u00e1hle kles\u00e1, ale po dal\u0161\u00edch n\u011bkolika dnech se opakuje. U nel\u00e9\u010den\u00e9 choroby prob\u011bhne takov\u00fdch cykl\u016f n\u011bkolik. \u010cast\u00e9 jsou komplikace.<\/p>\n Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed se l\u00e9\u010d\u00ed antibiotiky.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n O\u010cN\u00cd TRACHOM<\/strong><\/p>\n Z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 o\u010dn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v\u00a0nejhor\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u016f\u017ee skon\u010dit slepotou. K\u00a0z\u00e1n\u011btu doch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee chlamydie napadnou lidsk\u00e9 oko.<\/p>\n Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edznaky trachomu je pocit ciz\u00edho t\u011blesa v\u00a0oku, hnisav\u00fd v\u00fdtok z\u00a0oka a oboustrann\u00fd z\u00e1n\u011bt. Tyto probl\u00e9my propukaj\u00ed obvykle 5. den po naka\u017een\u00ed.<\/p>\n Z\u00e1n\u011bt se l\u00e9\u010d\u00ed antibiotiky.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Q-HORE\u010cKA<\/strong><\/p>\n Infek\u010dn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed vyvolan\u00e9 Coxiella burnetti<\/em>.<\/p>\n Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed m\u00e1 formu plicn\u00ed, ch\u0159ipkovou, meningoencefalitickou \u010di gastrointestin\u00e1ln\u00ed. Inkuba\u010dn\u00ed doba trv\u00e1 obvykle 3 t\u00fddny. Projevuje se hore\u010dkou p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed a\u017e 3 t\u00fddny, celkovou schv\u00e1cenost\u00ed, myalgiemi. P\u0159i plicn\u00ed form\u011b b\u00fdv\u00e1 ka\u0161el, bolest na hrudi \u010di du\u0161nost. Gastrointestin\u00e1ln\u00ed forma je \u010dasto prov\u00e1zena granulomat\u00f3zn\u00ed hepatitidou s\u00a0ikterem (\u017eloutenkou).<\/p>\n Z\u00a0antibiotik se pod\u00e1vaj\u00ed doxycyklin, tetracyklin, erytromycin.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n RICKETTSIOV\u00c9 NE\u0160TOVICE<\/strong><\/p>\n Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed my\u0161\u00ed, vyvolan\u00e9 mikroorganismem Rickettsia prowazekii<\/em> a p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 na \u010dlov\u011bka rozto\u010di.<\/p>\n Projevuje se zimnic\u00ed, hore\u010dkou, bolestmi sval\u016f a vyr\u00e1\u017ekou podobnou plan\u00fdm ne\u0161tovic\u00edm.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n SKVRNIVKA KRYS\u00cd (ENDEMICK\u00dd TYFUS)<\/strong><\/p>\n Ricketsi\u00f3za zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 Rickettsia mooseri<\/em> a p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00e1 blechou morovou Xenopsylla cheopis<\/em>. Pr\u016fb\u011bh podobn\u00fd skvrnit\u00e9mu tyfu, obvykle v\u0161ak m\u00edrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, komplikace jsou jen vz\u00e1cn\u011b.<\/p>\n L\u00e9\u010d\u00ed se antibiotiky.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n SKVRNIT\u00dd TYFUS<\/strong><\/p>\n Z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 infek\u010dn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 parazitem Rickettsia prowazekii<\/em>. Skvrnit\u00fd tyfus je p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en v\u0161\u00ed \u0161atn\u00ed, blechou, kl\u00ed\u0161t\u011btem a krv\u00ed nemocn\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n Inkuba\u010dn\u00ed doba se pohybuje od 1 do 2 t\u00fddn\u016f. Projevuje se hore\u010dkou, zimnic\u00ed, t\u0159esavkou, bolestmi t\u011bla a hlavn\u011b vyr\u00e1\u017ekou, kter\u00e1 se tvo\u0159\u00ed na hrudn\u00edku a pot\u00e9 postupuje na kon\u010detiny, nikdy v\u0161ak nepostihuje obli\u010dej a dlan\u011b. P\u0159i nel\u00e9\u010den\u00e9 form\u011b n\u00e1sleduje k\u00f3ma a smrt.<\/p>\n L\u00e9\u010dba prob\u00edh\u00e1 pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm antibiotik (tetracyklin, chloramfenikol) a je mo\u017en\u00e9 o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n TULAR\u00c9MIE<\/strong><\/p>\n Z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 infek\u010dn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 bakteri\u00ed Francisella tularensis<\/em>. \u010clov\u011bk se oby\u010dejn\u011b nakaz\u00ed po hmyz\u00edm kousnut\u00ed. Lidsk\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed je charakteristick\u00e9 fok\u00e1ln\u00edm v\u0159edem v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b vniknut\u00ed do organismu a zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00edm m\u00edzn\u00edch uzlin. Inkuba\u010dn\u00ed doba trv\u00e1 3-10 dn\u00ed.<\/p>\n Existuj\u00ed t\u0159i klinick\u00e9 formy tular\u00e9mie: zevn\u00ed (tularemick\u00e1 ang\u00edna); vnit\u0159n\u00ed (st\u0159evn\u00ed nebo plicn\u00ed forma); generalizovan\u00e1 (septick\u00e1 nebo tyfoidn\u00ed forma).<\/p>\n Na v\u0161echny formy tular\u00e9mie je b\u011bhem l\u00e9\u010dby pod\u00e1v\u00e1n streptomycin.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n VALTICK\u00c1 HORE\u010cKA<\/strong><\/p>\n Virov\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 virem \u0164ahy\u0148a. Vir je p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en kom\u00e1ry z\u00a0rodu Aedes.<\/em><\/p>\n Jedn\u00e1 se o onemocn\u011bn\u00ed podobn\u00e9 ch\u0159ipce, kter\u00e9 se vyskytuje v\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b a brzy na podzim hlavn\u011b u d\u011bt\u00ed. Je charakteristick\u00e9 n\u00e1hl\u00fdm za\u010d\u00e1tkem hore\u010dky, trvaj\u00edc\u00ed 3-5 dn\u00ed, bolest\u00ed hlavy, pocitem neklidu, konjunktivitidou, faryngitidou, myalgi\u00ed, d\u00e1le zvracen\u00edm, gastrointestin\u00e1ln\u00edmi pot\u00ed\u017eemi, nechutenstv\u00edm a p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostn\u011b tak\u00e9 meningitidou nebo jin\u00fdmi zn\u00e1mkami posti\u017een\u00ed centr\u00e1ln\u00ed nervov\u00e9 soustavy.<\/p>\n Lze ji l\u00e9\u010dit paralenem, odpo\u010dinkem a dostate\u010dn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem tekutin.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Z\u00c1PADONILSK\u00c1 HORE\u010cKA<\/strong><\/p>\n Virov\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je zp\u016fsobeno flavivirem ozna\u010dovan\u00fdm jako z\u00e1padonilsk\u00fd virus. K\u00a0p\u0159enosu doch\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159i bodnut\u00ed infikovan\u00fdm kom\u00e1rem rodu Culex<\/em>. Virus se vyskytuje v\u00a0Africe, Asii, ji\u017en\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b, Austr\u00e1lii a i v\u00a0USA.<\/p>\n Inkuba\u010dn\u00ed doba je 2-6 dn\u00ed. Obvykle m\u00e1 bezp\u0159\u00edznakov\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh, u klinicky se projevuj\u00edc\u00edch infekc\u00ed za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1hlou hore\u010dkou, silnou bolest\u00ed hlavy, b\u0159icha, pocitem na zvracen\u00ed, bolest\u00ed o\u010d\u00ed, zarudnut\u00edm spojivek, bolest\u00ed sval\u016f, kloub\u016f, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edtomno i zdu\u0159en\u00ed lymfatick\u00fdch uzlin, na trupu a kon\u010detin\u00e1ch se \u010dasto tvo\u0159\u00ed vyr\u00e1\u017eka, mohou se objevit meninge\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznaky a obrny perifern\u00edch nerv\u016f. Ohro\u017eeni jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pacienti vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho v\u011bku.<\/p>\n Proti z\u00e1padonilsk\u00e9 hore\u010dce neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 speci\u00e1ln\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dba. K\u00a0prevenci proti n\u00e1kaze dopomohou repelenty proti kom\u00e1r\u016fm, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed moskyti\u00e9r, no\u0161en\u00ed dlouh\u00e9ho oble\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Z\u00c1KOPOV\u00c1 HORE\u010cKA (VOLY\u0147SK\u00c1 HORE\u010cKA)<\/strong><\/p>\n Vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 infek\u010dn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed vyvolan\u00e9 bakteri\u00ed Bartonella quintana<\/em>. P\u0159enos se d\u011bje v\u0161\u00ed \u0161atn\u00ed.<\/p>\n Inkubace je cca 2-4 t\u00fddny. Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed je charakterizovan\u00e9 akutn\u011b vzniklou hore\u010dkou, bolestmi hlavy, zad, nohou, prchav\u00fdm exant\u00e9mem. Nemoc prob\u00edh\u00e1 v\u00a0n\u011bkolika vln\u00e1ch trvaj\u00edc\u00edch cca 5 dn\u016f, n\u011bkdy d\u00e9le.<\/p>\n L\u00e9\u010dba je podobn\u00e1 jako u ricketsi\u00f3z – chloramfenikolem, tetracykliny.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u017dLUT\u00c1 ZIMNICE<\/strong><\/p>\n Je nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 virov\u00e9 krv\u00e1civ\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, pat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed mezi z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e1 smrteln\u00e1 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. P\u016fvodcem je flavivirus, p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00fd n\u011bkolika druhy kom\u00e1r\u016f, z\u00a0nich nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je Aedes aegypti<\/em>.<\/p>\n Doba inkubace je velmi kr\u00e1tk\u00e1, 3-6 dn\u00ed. Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed se projevuje hore\u010dkou, bolestmi hlavy a zad, nevolnost\u00ed, zvracen\u00edm a celkovou schv\u00e1cenost\u00ed. V\u00a0t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k\u00a0rozvoji \u017eloutenky, krv\u00e1cen\u00ed do k\u016f\u017ee i do za\u017e\u00edvac\u00edho traktu, ke krv\u00e1cen\u00ed z\u00a0nosu a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b tak\u00e9 ke gynekologick\u00e9mu krv\u00e1cen\u00ed.<\/p>\n Jedinou \u00fa\u010dinnou a spolehlivou ochranou je o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Term\u00edn l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9ho vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed si m\u016f\u017eete rezervovat zde.<\/a><\/p>\n