Rakovina je jednou z nejni\u010div\u011bj\u0161\u00edch nemoc\u00ed, se kter\u00fdmi se \u010dlov\u011bk m\u016f\u017ee setkat. \u00a0V minulosti se stanoven\u00ed t\u00e9to diagn\u00f3zy t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy rovnalo rozsudku smrti. \u00a0V\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech se situace zna\u010dn\u011b zlep\u0161ila v d\u016fsledku v\u00fdvoje nov\u00fdch terapeutick\u00fdch postup\u016f zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed preventivn\u00ed screening, testy genetick\u00fdch predispozic a v\u00a0neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b i pokroky v\u00a0c\u00edlen\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010db\u011b. To v\u0161e napom\u00e1h\u00e1 k\u00a0v\u010dasn\u00e9 diagn\u00f3ze rakoviny, poskytuje lep\u0161\u00ed progn\u00f3zu a zvy\u0161uje \u0161ance pacienta na uzdraven\u00ed. Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 l\u00e9\u010dba, zejm\u00e9na chemoterapie, je pro pacienty velkou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed, nebo\u0165 ni\u010d\u00ed nejen rakovinn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky, ale i zdrav\u00e9 bu\u0148ky \u010dlov\u011bka. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se objevuj\u00ed rakovinn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky rezistentn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di l\u00e9\u010div\u016fm a zvy\u0161uj\u00ed tak riziko recidivy.<\/p>\n
C\u00edlem medic\u00ednsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu je vyvinout takovou terapii, kter\u00e1 by eliminovala skute\u010dn\u011b jen agresivn\u00ed rakovinn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky. Pomoc\u00ed genetick\u00e9ho in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed se v\u011bdc\u016fm ned\u00e1vno poda\u0159ilo vytvo\u0159it tzv. chimern\u00ed T-bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 receptory (CARs) a tzv. inhibitory imunitn\u00edch kontroln\u00edch bod\u016f (ICIs). CARs slou\u017e\u00ed k\u00a0p\u0159enosu schopnosti rozpozn\u00e1n\u00ed specifick\u00e9ho antigenu na imunn\u00ed bu\u0148ku. Takto z\u00edskan\u00e9 specifick\u00e9 T-bu\u0148ky c\u00edl\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo na dan\u00fd typ n\u00e1doru konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho pacienta. Tzv. inhibitory imunitn\u00edch kontroln\u00edch bod\u016f na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b br\u00e1n\u00ed rakovinn\u00fdm bu\u0148k\u00e1m, aby se p\u0159ed imunitn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem skryly.<\/p>\n
P\u0159esto\u017ee prvn\u00ed f\u00e1ze klinick\u00fdch studi\u00ed nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o slibnou metodu v\u00a0boji proti n\u00e1dorov\u00fdm onemocn\u011bn\u00edm, m\u00e1 terapie sv\u00e1 omezen\u00ed. Vysok\u00e1 specifita \u00fa\u010dinku sice poskytuje ochranu zdrav\u00fdm bu\u0148k\u00e1m, na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b v\u0161ak umo\u017e\u0148uje l\u00e9\u010dbu v\u017edy jen jednoho konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho typu rakovinn\u00fdch bun\u011bk.<\/p>\n
T\u00fdm v\u011bdc\u016f se sna\u017e\u00ed vy\u0159e\u0161it probl\u00e9m t\u00edm, \u017ee zkoumaj\u00ed interakci mezi T-bu\u0148kou a molekulou zvanou MR1. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je, \u017ee podtypy T-bun\u011bk, kter\u00e9 jsou teoreticky schopn\u00e9 zab\u00edjet \u0161irok\u00e9 typy rakovinn\u00fdch bun\u011bk, sou\u010dasn\u011b \u0161et\u0159\u00ed zdrav\u00e9 bu\u0148ky. V\u011bdci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee to lze vyu\u017e\u00edt stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem jako l\u00e9\u010dba CAR-T.<\/p>\n
Za t\u00edmto \u00fa\u010delem se odeb\u00edraj\u00ed T-bu\u0148ky od zdrav\u00fdch pacient\u016f, kter\u00e9 potom projdou genetickou manipulac\u00ed tak, aby z\u00edskaly schopnost bojovat s\u00a0rakovinou. Takto upraven\u00e9 bu\u0148ky se pot\u00e9 navrac\u00ed stejn\u00e9mu pacientovi. V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b existuj\u00ed pouze dv\u011b l\u00e9\u010diva vyvinut\u00e1 touto technologi\u00ed schv\u00e1lenou ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech a EU; Kymriah pro l\u00e9\u010dbu akutn\u00ed lymfoblastick\u00e9 leuk\u00e9mie (ALL) a Yescarta pro dif\u00fazn\u00ed lymfom z velk\u00fdch B-bun\u011bk (DLBCL). Ob\u011b nemoci jsou rakovinou krve.<\/p>\n
V\u011bdci tyto l\u00e9\u010diva otestovali na zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edch modelech. Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee nab\u00edz\u00ed velk\u00fd potenci\u00e1l, proto\u017ee jsou schopny zab\u00edjet \u0161irok\u00e9 typy rakovin plic, melanomu, leuk\u00e9mie, tlust\u00e9ho st\u0159eva, prsu, prostaty a vaje\u010dn\u00edk\u016f. Jde v\u0161ak st\u00e1le o\u00a0ran\u00fd v\u00fdzkum a pro klinick\u00e9 testy na lidech bude t\u0159eba je\u0161t\u011b dlouh\u00e1 cesta. Technologie CAR-T byla poprv\u00e9 vyvinuta v\u00a0roce 1993 Zeligem Esharem a teprve v\u00a0roce 2014 byla schv\u00e1lena americkou vl\u00e1dou pro spr\u00e1vu potravin a l\u00e9\u010div (FDA) v\u00a0USA a pot\u00e9 v\u00a0roce 2016 Evropskou agenturou pro l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpravky (EMA). Z\u00e1jem o\u00a0technologii CAR-T se od t\u00e9 doby rozrostl a patrn\u011b nebude trvat dlouho, ne\u017e tento l\u00e9k vstoup\u00ed na trh.<\/p>\n
Mo\u017en\u00e1 to bude \u201est\u0159\u00edbrn\u00e1 st\u0159ela\u201c pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 k\u00a0vym\u00fdcen\u00ed rakoviny; „unus pro omnibus“ (jeden pro v\u0161echny) l\u00e9k k\u00a0boji proti v\u0161em r\u016fzn\u00fdm druh\u016fm rakoviny. Vzhledem k tomu, jak slo\u017eit\u00e9 je lidsk\u00e9 t\u011blo, st\u00e1le nen\u00ed zn\u00e1mo, zda bude tato strategie fungovat na lidech stejn\u011b jako na my\u0161\u00edch.<\/p>\n
Jak\u00e9 jsou nev\u00fdhody manipulace s molekulami MR1? Je tato strategie vhodn\u00e1 pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka? Jak navrhneme l\u00e9k, kter\u00fd dok\u00e1\u017ee pln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt potenci\u00e1l tohoto nov\u011b objeven\u00e9ho mechanismu? To jsou jen n\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0ot\u00e1zek, na kter\u00e9 mus\u00edme odpov\u011bd\u011bt, ne\u017e bude mo\u017en\u00e9 tuto strategii p\u0159ijmout do b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 klinick\u00e9 praxe. Jednu v\u011bc v\u00edme s jistotou \u2013 tento mechanismus vytvo\u0159il nov\u00fd z\u00e1klad pro v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch l\u00e9\u010div. Sou\u010dasn\u011b l\u00e9pe ch\u00e1peme mechanismy rakoviny a tyto znalosti n\u00e1m poskytuj\u00ed nad\u011bji na v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed v boji proti rakovin\u011b.<\/p>\n
Zdroje: Rakovina je jednou z nejni\u010div\u011bj\u0161\u00edch nemoc\u00ed, se kter\u00fdmi se \u010dlov\u011bk m\u016f\u017ee setkat. \u00a0V minulosti se […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"image","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"boldthemes_grid":false,"boldthemes_grid_11":false,"boldthemes_grid_22":false,"boldthemes_grid_21":false,"boldthemes_grid_12":false,"boldthemes_latest_posts":false,"boldthemes_grid_gallery":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Jbednar","author_link":"https:\/\/www.mc-praha.cz\/mcp\/author\/jbednar\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Rakovina je jednou z nejni\u010div\u011bj\u0161\u00edch nemoc\u00ed, se kter\u00fdmi se \u010dlov\u011bk m\u016f\u017ee setkat. \u00a0V minulosti se […]","post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mc-praha.cz\/mcp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3361"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mc-praha.cz\/mcp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mc-praha.cz\/mcp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mc-praha.cz\/mcp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mc-praha.cz\/mcp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3361"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.mc-praha.cz\/mcp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3361\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3429,"href":"https:\/\/www.mc-praha.cz\/mcp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3361\/revisions\/3429"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mc-praha.cz\/mcp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3361"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mc-praha.cz\/mcp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3361"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mc-praha.cz\/mcp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3361"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nCrowther, Michael D. et al. 2020. \u2018Genome-Wide CRISPR\u2013Cas9 Screening Reveals Ubiquitous T Cell Cancer Targeting via the Monomorphic MHC Class I-Related Protein MR1\u2019. Nature Immunology: 1\u20138.
\nDockrill, Peter. \u2018Remarkable New T-Cell Discovery Can Kill Several Cancer Types in The Lab\u2019. ScienceAlert. https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/new-t-cell-therapy-kills-most-human-cancer-types-and-might-work-across-individuals<\/a> (January 23, 2020).
\nGallagher, James. 2020. \u2018Immune Discovery \u201cMay Treat All Cancer\u201d\u2019. BBC News. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/health-51182451<\/a> (January 23, 2020).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"